Differences between men and women in employement

Differences between men and women in employement The word gender refers to the socio-cultural definition of man and woman, it is a way through which society distinguish men and woman. The distinction between sex and gender was introduced to deal with the general tendency to attribute womens subordination to their anatomy. There are multiple reasons to understand the current increase in the proportion of male versus female in population across Asia. Firstly sex ratios in India have been recorded since the early 1980.the Indian scenario of female discrimination is extremely complex in view of Indias social and economic diversity: the interplay of cultural and economic factors, along with the impact of policy initiative has produced a heterogeneous situation .This complexity offers ways to better understand the mechanisms at work and to inform the policy debate on the struggle against gender discrimination. In our society it is seen that characteristics, roles and status accorded to women and men in society are determined by sex, that they are natural and therefore not changeable. Gender is seen closely related to the roles and behaviour assigned to women and men based on their sexual differences. When a child is born our families and society starts the process of gendering. If son is taken birth than it is celebrated and the birth of a daughter filled with pain; sons are showered with love, respect, better food and proper health care. Boys are encouraged to be tough and outgoing; girls are encouraged to be homebound and shy. All these differences are gender differences and they are created by society. Gender inequality is therefore a form of inequality which is distinct from other forms of economic and social inequalities. It dwells not only outside the household but also centrally within it. It stems not only from pre-existing differences in economic endowments between women and men but also from pre-existing gendered social norms and social perceptions. Gender inequality affects the development goals which reduce the economic growth. It hampers the overall well being because blocking women from participation in social, political and economic activities can adversely affect the whole society. THE Indian experience IN India it represents a clear picture about education and employment opportunities for girls. Our culture, social factor still prevents girls from getting education and employment. In rural area the girls child is made to perform household and Agriculture, cleaning the house, preparing food, and they have to perform many tasks like that. In village physical safety of girls especially when they travel a long distance to school and fear of sexual harassment are the reason s that impedes girls` education. In the urban area, girls have some opportunities in comparison to rural area but there is also some difference in the opportunities that girls get for education and employment .Through the figure for girls would still be low as compared to boys. In employment opportunities too, women in India today have stormed all male bastions. Be it piloting aircraft, heading multi-national corporations, holding top bureaucratic positions, leading industrial houses, making a mark as photographers, filmmakers, chefs, engineers and even as train and lorry drivers, women have made it to all hitherto considered male bastions in India. However, this is not reason enough for cheer. For the number of girls and women who have been left out of education and employment opportunities, still far outweighs those who have got them. Gender segration in employment This term refer to the occupational unequal distribution of men and woman in the occupational structure sometime also called occupational segration by sex. These are two type vertical segration; describe the clustering of man at the top of occupation hierarchies and of woman at the bottom, horizontal segregation. Many developing countries including India have displayed gender inequality in education, employment and health. It is common to find girls and women suffering from high mortality rates. There are vast differences in education level of two sexes. India has witnessed gender inequality from its early history due to its socio-economic and religious practices that resulted in a wide gap between the position of men and women in the society. Womans salary in India, less than a third of men According to the survey done by world Economic Forum (WEF) it show that a big gender gap in corporate India in the employment of women from the entry level to the top management of companies. As reported by Financial Chronicle the survey which is based on the response of 60 of the 100 best employers in India, showed that women employees held only 10 percent of the senior management positions in two-thirds of the surveyed companies. None of the companies had women chief executive officers (CEOs) and almost 40 percent of the respondents had only 10 percent women work force. The survey show that only 4% of the companies surveyed monitor salary gab. Nevertheless 84% of the companies dont believe that there is a wage gap while the remaining 12% do not track wage gap at all. India stand 114th among 134 countries in the WEFs India gender gap review 2009. It has closed 93 percent of its health gender gap, ranking 134th out of as many economies. It stands at 121st position in education gap with 84 percent and is at 127th place with 41 percent of economic participation gap. Besides, it is ranked 24th with 27 percent of the political empowerment gender gap, according to the study. Causes of gender discrimination 1. Religion One of the main causes of gender discrimination is gender. In many organisation woman below man only due to the different religion. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Pandey Prahlad Kumar (2007) in his study on gender discrimination studied the Gender equity is giving boys and girls ,woman and men equal opportunities in the utilisation personal capabilities to realize full human right .according to him a country cannot realize its dream of becoming super power by doing gender discrimination. Researcher has proved that a country where there are more employment opportunities for woman tends to provide better and honest governance. 2. Pollard, Taylor and Daher (2007) said that discrimination is not only the problem of India but it also exists in a developed country like USA .the finding clearly indicate woman discrimination. In USA woman earned $45,258/year while men earned $50,250/ year, having a median wage gap of $4,965. 3. Joanne Healy and Zucca J. Linda Mid-American Journal of Business; Spring(2004) study that only 3 percent of the most highly compensated executives are female, that the position are held by disproportionately by men, and that female executive are likely to clustered in particular industry group. 4. Simon Appleton (1977) suggested that expanding female education will improve gender equity which was the outcome of the study done in Uganda. The study focused on the involvement of women in politics in South Africa and Uganda. He also found a relationship between the importance of gender equity to economic growth and traced womens civil society in Uganda was given importance. 5. Song, Appleton and Knight, 2006 study that boys are more attend school in China than girls, is the work of scholars who worked to find the causes of the same. Boys are more likely than girls to attend school in rural China. There is evidence that gender equity is a luxury good; the demand for female schooling is more income elastic than that for male schooling. 6. Another study by Shellenbarger to find out the nature of work undertaken or assigned also differs on the gender ground. Boys tend to be given more physical tasks like lawn mowing and fixing things, `while girls are stuck with housecleaning and doing the dishes. Even parents who fight for gender equity in their own marriages find themselves splitting their childrens tasks along traditional gender lines. 7. The chairman and the CEO of PepsiCo, Indra Nooyi said that there was a need to educate the male population about women empowerment, besides educating the female population. If you do not treat the women well, society will not progress. 8. THE METHODOLOGY OF GENDER AND EMPLOYMENT OBJECTIVES:- 1. For low income women seeking employment, one of the most critical problems is a lack of adequate skills. Therefore, the provision of skill training can meet an important practical gender need. In contrast to this, skill training in such areas as primary school teaching, nursing and dressmaking can and do meet the practical gender needs of women to generate an income and this will automatically reduce the gender discriminating. Data collection Secondary data In this study I use only secondary data for literature review, situation of gender and employment in our economy.

Edgar Allen Poe Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

Edgar Allan Poe; A Man of Secrecy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809 as Edgar Poe. He was the second son to Elizabeth Arnold Poe and David Poe. Both parents were actors, and shortly after Poe’s birth, his father deserted his family around 1810. Edgar became an orphan before the age of three years, when his mother died on December 8, 1811 in Richmond, Virginia at the age of twenty-four years. His father died at the age of twenty-seven years old. After his mother’s death, the childless couple, John and Frances Allan, took in Poe; his paternal grandparents took in brother William Henry; and foster parents cared for sister Rosalie. Allan was a strict and unemotional tobacco merchant and his wife was overindulgent. Poe was educated by the Allan’s aid, in private academies, excelling in Latin, in writing verse and declamation. However, regardless of his education, he was looked down upon by the upper class of society, perhaps because Poe was never legally adopted by the Al lan’s, nonetheless he was regarded as an outsider by the Richmond elite. However, being the child of former actor’s could have also added to his reputation of not fitting in with Richmond’s culture at that time. The loss of his mother at an early age definitely affected Poe, â€Å"The angels, whispering to one another, Can find, among their burning terms of love, None so devotional as that of ‘Mother’† (To My Mother). In Tamerlane, he not only wrote about his father, but he wrote about his mother too. He had more respect for his mother than he did for his father. In Tamerlane he speaks much nicer of his mother. â€Å"O, she was worthy of all love! Love – as in infancy was mine – ‘Twas such as angel minds above Might envy; her young heart the shrine on which my every hope and thought†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tamerlane). He thought of life with his mother and how it might have been.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1831 Poe moved to Baltimore to live with his aunt, Maria Clemm. There he fell in love and married her daughter and his cousin Virginia Clemm, who was not even fourteen at the time. Ten years later she also died of tuberculosis. He dearly loved his wife and after she died his life just went to pieces. In â€Å"The Raven†, the character is morning over the death of â€Å"Lenore† when a raven visits him. Poe used the raven because it is a bird that feeds on dead flesh – a symbol of death. â€Å"... ... of common usage—it is the work of nine tenths of his critism† (221). Edgar Allan Poe was in fact born before his time! Works Cited Bohner, Charles H. â€Å"The John Hopkins Press†. John Pendleton Kennedy URL: http.//www.usna.edu/EnglishDept/poeperplex/kennedyp.htm (21 July 2000). Buranelli, Vincent. Edgar Allan Poe. Boston: Twayne Publishers. URL: http.//:www.toolcity.net/~zrm/lit/telltale/html (21 July 2000). Ljunguist Kent P. Edgar Allan Poe. ‘Guide to Literary Theory & Critism†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  URL: http.//www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopinks_guide_to_literary_theory/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  entries/edgar_allan_poe.html (20 July 2000). Ljunguist Kent P. Edgar Allan Poe. The World Book Encyclopedia. 2nd Edition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chicago, Ill: World Book Inc, 1987. Vol. 15. Poe, Edgar Allan, 1809-1849. The Collected Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poe. New York: Modern Library, 1992. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 5th Edition. New York, New York: Norton & Company, 1999.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Bus210 Appendix G

Appendix G Week 2. Checkpoint Business Organizations Resources:| Resource: Ch. 2 of Introduction to Business| Task: | Write a 200- to 300-word description of a business scenario, either real or fictional, that depicts each of the following forms of business organization:| Joint Stock Company| As a Joint Stock Company I have Chosen The British East India Company. It was granted a royal charter in 1600 with the intention of securing trade with India for England by Elizabeth I. A Joint Stock company has two or more individuals own all the shares of a company. Shares of stock are given in return for each financial contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership at any time by selling their shares to other share holders. These are known as private companies and the shares are not open to public sale or trading. Any corporate losses have to be paid by the shareholders so there is unlimited liability. Encyclopedia Britannica)| Limited Liability Company| Basically a limited liability corporation means if the company goes belly up, the wealth, and possessions of the owners cannot be taken to repay any debts of the business, only assets in the name of the business can be used to pay off the debt. To my amazement I found that McDonalds is a Limited Liability Corporation. (McDonalds, LLC Corporate home)| Partnership| A partnership is just as it sounds two, or more, people own a business equally. They share all responsibility for the business between them. An example of a Partnership could be the original Johnson and Johnson Company. Now it is a LLC and sells stock, but originally it was a very small company started by 3 brothers in 1886 making surgical dressings. When originally started this was a partnership. (Johnson &Johnson )| Sole Proprietorship| A sole proprietorship is a one man show. Owned, operated, and responsible for all debts by one person. This does not mean they might not have employees, but all the operations of the business are the responsibility of the owner. A good example of this that we might know of is The Dallas Cowboys. Jerry Jones owns the stadium, the team, and the contracts with the players, and all the rights to the team and the name including the cheerleaders’ name. (NFL 2011)| National Football League Dallas Cowboys. com Johnson and Johnson Corporation McDonalds USA Encyclopedia Britannica inc. copyright 2011

Art History

Art History Introduction Art History is an important concept in today’s society especially since it is very resourceful in understanding our past culture, generating positive and useful ideas, and portraying different aspects of meaning among many other reasons (Chin). In this paper, as we try to elaborate the similarities and differences between ziggurats and Khafre’s pyramid of structures, it will be important to make an analysis of the two arts separately in order to have a broad overview of the structures which is discussed below.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Art History- Comparison essay between two figures. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion Ziggurats were strong ancient structures which were built around 2050 BC in one of the most popular region of Mesopotamia valley (Architecturecourses.org). The wonderful structures whose images have been preserved up to date have taken the shapes of pyramid di splaying a creative art that is very attractive due to its beauty. The Ziggurat art is a monument which has been preserved up to date because it was constructed using very strong solid mud-bricks that were covered with a thick cover of burned bricks (Architecturecourses.org). The ziggurats structures were constructed to serve a multiple of cultural and religious practices in this region of Mesopotamia; in fact, the Ziggurat served as an administrative centre for the entire city due to its location (Architecturecourses.org). In addition to this, it also served as a religious place and it has been commonly known that the moon god known as nanna was dwelling here. For this reason, in the building there was an altar and shrine known as the bedchamber which was meant for the gods and was strictly placed at the ziggurat’s pinnacle (Architecturecourses.org). The Khafre’s pyramid is among the most prominent and the second largest pyramid of the ancient Egypt (Bayuk). This monu ment which is also known as the pyramid of Chefren, was constructed by pharaoh’s son who was known as Khafre between the years 2532-2558 B.C and was a constructed using beautiful limestone block making the monument to be very attractive (Bayuk). This pyramid has been preserved up to date and it has a wonderful design that makes it to look very unique in the way the top has been twisted. On the other hand, this pyramid also has an outstanding feature that makes it to be very perceptible; the color and texture of its top plus the unique design makes the pyramid to be very outstanding. The structure of the pyramid is horizontal in shape while its structure is made of very big stones at the bottom and small one at the top (Bayuk). The Khafre’s pyramid was built to be a multi-purpose and one of the major functions that it used to serve was that, it was used as a burial chamber (Bayuk). Inside the pyramid there are many compartments with each being designed to serve a differ ent function; towards the west on one of the passage sides, there is a burial chamber which was very distinct due to its outlook; it was also constructed using limestone beams in a rectangular shape measuring about 14m by 5m in size (Bayuk). On the other hand, inside the pyramids of the original structure, there were many other chambers within that served as stores. Mainly, there was one chamber close to the burial hall that was used for storage of burial equipment and other related materials while on one side also, there was another store but which was rather different from the others (Bayuk). This particular store was used for storing offerings that were to be used at different functions.Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are several instances in which the two monuments are similar; one of the major similarities between the two structures is that, both monuments are pyramid structures that were built in the early period. Although, these structures were accorded different names such as the â€Å"ziggurats† and â€Å"Khafre†, it is no doubt that they were still pyramids even still though they had different shapes; these two pyramids were both dedicated to serve their gods and had been designed to serve many other purposes during this early time of civilization. Additionally, the two monuments were a reflection of the culture and religious values of the people with each structure being designed in respect to the culture of the people around; the pyramid of the Khafre was constructed in manner that it could incorporate the cultural values of people of Egypt while the ziggurats monument was designed in a cultural artists way reflecting the cultural values of Mesopotamia people in the Iranian valley (Bayuk).Notably also is that, both structures had a secluded place for religious practices. A comparison table Pyramids of Khafre Nanna Ziggurat s -Foremost, the two monumental structures are located in different places with the pyramids of Khafre being located in the northern part of Africa in the great land of Egypt (Bayuk). -Secondly, there is the structural differences between these two structures in that, Khafre’s pyramid was a pyramid shaped structures that was build using the big and small limestone blocks in order to make the out look structure appear strong and beautiful as well. Another major difference is pronounced in the functions and purpose of the two structures. The pyramid of the Khafre was used to preserve the body of dead royal family members and other prominent people such as the king and queen; there were tombs for the kings and queen because the pyramids were seen as the gateway between the earthly life and the spiritual world according to the cultural beliefs of Egyptians and they also believed that if the body of the king was preserved here in this building, his spirit would rise and descent to the spiritual world (Bayuk). -While the Ziggurats are terraced pyramids which are located in the Middle East region of the Mesopotamia valley. On the other hand, the Ziggurats monuments are pyramids that were build using the bricks stones that were obtained through burning the bricks in a fire in order to make them fine and strong. -In contrast, the Ziggurats pyramids of the Mesopotamia valley in Iran were designed majorly to serve as temple for worshipping the gods in this region (Architecturecourses.org). However, just like the Khafre’s pyramids, the structures were also believed to be the gateway between the worldly life and the spiritual world but the different appeared in that, the Ziggurats structures were homes of the earthly gods who were adored very much Conclusion Through the study of this historical art, an individual is able to have a deeper and broad understanding relating to the structures of the ancient time. It is quite obvious that, the Nanna Ziggurat s and Khafre’s pyramid were wonderful structures that reflected a great work of art in the early time. Through a broad study of the two structures, it also obvious that, the two structures were similar in one way or the other; although they were also different in a number of numerous ways as already discussed. References Architecturecourses.org. â€Å"The Ziggurat at Ur†. 2010, Web. architecturecourses.org/ziggurat-ur Bayuk, A. â€Å"The Pyramid of Khafre†. 2002, Web. http://guardians.net/egypt/pyramids/Khafre/KhafrePyramid.htm Chin, J. â€Å"The Importance of History†. 2007. Web.

Ricardo essays

Ricardo essays DAVID RICARDO David Ricardo was born in 1772 and was the third son (out of seventeen). David Ricardo`s family was descended from Iberian Jews who had fled to Holland during a wave of persecutions in the early 18th century. His father, a stockbroker, emigrated to England shortly before Ricardo`s birth. Ricardo attended school in Holland, but left at the age of 14 to work for his father full time in the London Stock Exchange. At 21, Ricardo was disinherited from his family when he married a Quaker which was outside his orthodox Jewish faith. With his considerable reputation in London, Ricardo managed to set up his own business as a dealer in government securities. When Ricardo was in his late 20`s interest in economics as sparked by a chance reading of Adam Smith`s Wealth of Nations. In 1809 after persistent of his friend James Mill he decided to write some of his ideas down. His first article was concerning the bullion controversy, he wrote that England`s inflation was the result of the Bank of England`s propensity to issue bank notes. Ricardo`s major work was The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817). This book presented most of his important theories, especially those concerned with the determination of wage and value. For the problem of wages he proposed the iron law of wages, according to which wages tend to stabilize around the subsistence level. According to his labour theory of value, Ricardo stated that the value of almost any good was, essentially, a function of the labour needed to produce it. Ricardo was also concerned with the subject of international trade, and for that he developed the theory of comparative advantage. Which states that each nation should specialize completely in the production of the good in which it has a comparative cost advantage in producing ...

The Difference in the Use of Language between the Young and the Old Research Proposal

The Difference in the Use of Language between the Young and the Old Generation - Research Proposal Example It is evident that the old generation tends to differ with the young generation in their use of language when they speak. This topic is necessary in the study of language as it illustrates how the language barrier tends to affect communication between the young generation and the old generation (Cissna & Keating, 2007). The purpose of the study This study will focus on the difference in the use of language between the young and the old generation. The difference in language use between the young generation and the old generation arises from factors such as; difference in perspectives between the two generations. The other factor is the difference in the topics that are normally discussed by people belonging to the two generations, and stereotypes also contribute to this difference in language use between the young and the old generation. It is evident that the taboos that people of the old generation were exposed to influence their use of language; they are normally formal in their u se of language (Fletcher, 2007). Stereotypes also influence the difference in the use of language between the young generation and the old generation in that; the perceptions of people belonging to the young generation towards people belonging to the old generation results to a difference in the use of language between the two generations. ... These expectations, therefore, influence the difference language between the two generations (Gibb, 2008). The other factor that results to a variance in the use of language amid the young generation and the old generation is the generational perspective. In this instance, it is evident that people who lived during World War 2 and the Great depression, tend to be formal in their use of language, this is because of the belief instilled in them that the use of language contributes to respect. However, there is a generation referred to as the Baby Boomers who tend to exhibit a communication style that tends to be more personal. The other generation is generation X that exhibits little formality in their use of language. Therefore, it is true to state that the generational perspective also influences the difference in language use between the two generations (Hayes, 2003). The change in technology, which led to, the introduction of computers, phones and social media have also led to a di fference in language use between the young and the old generation. The change in technology has normally led to a generational communication style, which has also affected the language of persons belonging to the young generation. Technology has contributed to the use of slang by people of the young generation, resulting to variation in the language used by people of the old generation that tends to be restrained and formal (Day, 2007). However, the difference in the use of language between the old and the young generation has also been accompanied by some advantages. It is believed that the difference in the use of language tends to bridge the gap between the two generations. It is evident that for there to be a difference between these two generations, it is essential that a

Women in Engineering Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Women in Engineering - Term Paper Example What is it about engineering which keeps the fairer sex away from the profession? Do they lack engineering acumen or there are systematic problems which keep them away from the professions. Women have busted many male dominated professions lately like medicine , college education and even started joining the army. There are of course the professions where women have always been more successful as compared to men such as nursing and teaching. Then what is it about Engineering that keeps women away? The small number of engineers that we do find are working in the field of computer Engineering , there are almost negligible women working in core engineering fields such as civil , mechanical or electrical. In this term paper we will try to examine the reasons for the low representation of women in engineering and also discuss some steps which can be taken in order to ensure that number of women engineers increase in the USA. No field can be said to be truly marvelous if almost 50% of our workforce is excluded from it. The main reason for worry for USA is not that there are very less number of females who are engineers. The bigger worry is that number of women graduating from engineering programs has declined by about 5.2% by 2009 (Fouad and Singh.).At present about 20% of women graduating from engineering colleges are women – a figure which has remained static for the last 15 years. The bigger worry is that even Islamic countries like Qatar , Pakistan are producing more percentage of engineers than USA. ... No field can be said to be truly marvelous if almost 50% of our workforce is excluded from it. Body The main reason for worry for USA is not that there are very less number of females who are engineers. The bigger worry is that number of women graduating from engineering programs has declined by about 5.2% by 2009 (Fouad and Singh.).At present about 20% of women graduating from engineering colleges are women – a figure which has remained static for the last 15 years. The bigger worry is that even Islamic countries like Qatar , Pakistan are producing more percentage of engineers than USA. There is no indication that this figure is likely to increase any time soon. At a time when China and India are producing engineers in much larger number, USA cannot afford to close its doors on women engineers. We are already facing outsourcing of backend jobs to these countries , if the number of engineers in USA keeps on decreasing , we will soon see even research jobs being outsourced. A b eginning has already been made with companies like Yahoo and Google opening their research centers in India. The thing which is sad is the fact that although 20 % of women graduated as Engineers, in 2011 only 11% of them was actually working in the engineering field (Shellenbarger). Thus not only do women not prefer to opt for engineering but 50% of them who do engineering consider it as a mistake and do not take up engineering careers. In order to find out the reasons for this we will start to have a look right from the engineering colleges and then move up to the work place. Engineering Colleges: A male Bastion If you move around the campus of any engineering college , you